Komissiýalaryň gurluşy: MDR, scheme, PSP

1) Düşünjeleriň kartasy we MDR näme emele gelýär

1. Interchange (emitent bank): kartyň/sebitiň/kategoriýanyň görnüşi boýunça göterim.

2. Scheme fees (töleg ulgamlary): assessment, processing, cross-border, brand usage we ş.m.

3. Acquirer/PSP markup: satyn alyjy/üpjün ediji üçin goşmaça töleg (göterim + fiks).

4. Goşmaça. tölegler: chargeback fee, refund fee, representment, retrieval, auth-fee, gateway-fee, rolling reserve (komissiýa däl, ýöne keş-floga täsir edýär), konwersiýa wagtynda FX-spred.

Söwdanyň jemleýji bahasy = Interchange + Scheme + Markup + Kesgitlenen ýygymlar + FX-effektler ± Ätiýaçlyk.

2) Bahanyň emele geliş modelleri

2. 1. Blended (flat)

Bir göterim + fix. "hemme zat goşuldy". Simpleönekeý, ýöne aç-açan däl: interchange/scheme we FX-spred gizleýär.

2. 2. IC++ (Interchange++ / Interchange pass-through)

Interchange we scheme "bolşy ýaly" gidýärler, ýokardan - üpjün edijiniň kesgitlenen markup. Aç-açan, deňeşdirmek has aňsat, kartoçkalaryň "arzan" bukjasynda girdejili.

2. 3. Tiered/Pricing buckets

Birnäçe "sebet" (domestic, intra-EEA, inter-regional, commercial, premium). Hasabat bermek üçin amatly, hakyky çykdajylary gizläp biler.

2. 4. Alternatiw usullar (A2A/Wallet/Kripto)

Köplenç flat-fee ýa-da% kartlardan pes; toruň/üpjün edijiniň aýry-aýry ýygymlary we konwertirlende FX-effekt.

3) Komissiýa nirede we haçan ýüze çykýar

Auth/Validation: ygtyýarlandyrmak synanyşygy üçin töleg (usp ./usp.) .
Capture/Settle: MDR-iň esasy paýy.
Refund/Partial refund: yzyna gaýtarmalar köplenç aýratyn nyrhlanýar (scheme gaýtadan hasaplamak).
Chargeback/Representment: фикс. keýs/tapgyr üçin ýygymlar.
Gateway/Platform: aýlyk abuna tölegi, webhuklar, hasabatlylyk, kartlary bellemek üçin fee.
FX/Conversion: PSP/bankyň implicit-marjasy (spred), eger konwersiýa olaryň tarapynda bolsa.
Senenamalar: minimum monthly fee, early termination, PCI-plata, 3DS-fee, fraud-suite fee.

4) Goşmaça tölegler we nyrhlaryň düzedijileri

Cross-border (emitent ≠ satyn alyjy ýurt), CNP (card-not-present), premium/commercial kartlar.
High-risk verticals (iGaming) - ýokary markup/ätiýaçlyk.
Shema jerimeleri/çäk metrikleri: CBR-den ýokary → goşmaça ýygymlar.
SCA/3DS: geleşik/synanyşyk üçin aýratyn fee.
Minimum ticket/Small ticket: ýokary fiks. kiçi çeklerde ýygymlar.

5) Gross vs Net settlement we "göterim nirä gitdi"

Gross settlement: şaft PSP bilen hasaplaşyga girýär, komissiýalar aýratyn setirde aýrylýar (deňeşdirmek has aňsat).
Net settlement: net funding = dolanyşyk − interchange − scheme − markup − fix gelýär. ätiýaçlyk − ýygymlar.
Net-ssenarilerde bölüji komponenti import etmek möhümdir, ýogsam take-rate "bökýär".

6) Formulalar we "täsirli" metrikler

6. 1. Effective take-rate (/PSP usuly boýunça)

take_rate_effective_% = (Σ Fees_all_components) / (Σ Captured_Gross) 100

6. 2. Komponentlere bölünmek

Fees_all = Interchange + Scheme + Markup + Auth + Refund + Chargeback + Gateway
+ FX_spread_effect (if applicable)

6. 3. Şowsuzlyklaryň bahasy (Decline cost)

Cost_per_approval = (Σ Auth_Fees + Σ Decline_Fees )/( Number of successful payments)

6. 4. Impact FX

FX_slippage = Σ (Settlement_amount_in_rep - Original_amount FX_reference_rate)

6. 5. Çarjbekleriň bahasy

CB_cost_total = Σ (CB_fee + Representment_fee + Scheme_penalties) + Lost_principal (если не отбит)

7) Maglumatlaryň nusgasy (ýönekeýleşdirilen)

ref. fee_components (
code PK, name, category, -- INTERCHANGE      SCHEME      MARKUP      AUTH      REFUND      CHARGEBACK      GATEWAY      FX_SPREAD unit,          -- PCT      FIX      MIXED is_variable, is_settlement_level
)

finance. psp_pricing (
provider, method, region, bin_range, card_type, card_category,
model,      -- BLENDED      IC++     TIERED pct_rate, --% rate (if applicable)
fix_fee,     -- фикс за trx cross_border_bps, premium_bps, cnp_bps,
refund_fix, cb_fix, auth_fix, gateway_monthly,
valid_from, valid_to, meta
)

finance. settlement_fees (
batch_id, provider, mid, method, period_start_at, period_end_at,
interchange_amt, scheme_amt, markup_amt,
auth_amt, refund_amt, cb_amt, gateway_amt,
fx_spread_amt, reserve_delta, total_fees, currency
)

dw. transactions_flat (
tx_id, provider, method, status, bin, brand, category, region,
amount_original, currency_original, amount_reporting, reporting_currency,
settled_at, funded_at, is_refund, is_cb, fx_reference_rate, fx_effective_rate, meta
)

8) Barlamak: amallardan faýla we yzyna

8. 1. Tx → File ("faýldaky ýaly" hasaplandygyňyzy barlaýarys)

Sebet dolanyşygyny (BIN/sebit/kartoçka görnüşi) pricing düzgünlerine ×.
Interchange/scheme/markup/fix nyrhlaryny ulanyň.
'settlement _ fees bilen barlaň. total_fees` по batch. Delta> bosagasy → bilet.

8. 2. File → Tx (faýlda "artykmaç" ýokdugyny barlaýarys)

Batch-fee-ni amallaryň dolanyşygyna/sanyna tx derejesine proporsional paýlaň (blended/jikme-jiklik ýok).
Garaşylmadyk ýerleri tapyň (extra fee line, penalty, minimum monthly top-up).

9) SQL şablonlarynyň mysallary

9. 1. / PSP usullary boýunça effective take-rate hasaplamak

sql
SELECT provider, method,
SUM(amount_reporting)              AS volume_rep,
SUM(f. interchange_amt + f. scheme_amt + f. markup_amt +
f. auth_amt + f. refund_amt + f. cb_amt + f. gateway_amt + f. fx_spread_amt) AS fees_rep,
100. 0 SUM(f. interchange_amt + f. scheme_amt + f. markup_amt +
f. auth_amt + f. refund_amt + f. cb_amt + f. gateway_amt + f. fx_spread_amt)
/ NULLIF(SUM(amount_reporting),0)     AS take_rate_effective_pct
FROM dw. transactions_flat t
JOIN finance. settlement_fees f
ON f. provider = t. provider
AND t. settled_at BETWEEN f. period_start_at AND f. period_end_at
GROUP BY 1,2
ORDER BY take_rate_effective_pct DESC;

9. 2. Amallara batch-fee paýlamak (blended)

sql
WITH vol AS (
SELECT provider, batch_id, SUM(amount_reporting) AS batch_volume
FROM dw. transactions_flat
GROUP BY 1,2
)
SELECT t. tx_id, t. provider, t. batch_id,
(f. total_fees t. amount_reporting / NULLIF(v. batch_volume,0)) AS fee_allocated
FROM dw. transactions_flat t
JOIN finance. settlement_fees f USING (provider, batch_id)
JOIN vol v USING (provider, batch_id);

9. 3. Boýun gaçyrmagyň bahasy we tassyklamagyň bahasy

sql
SELECT provider, method,
SUM(CASE WHEN status='DECLINED' THEN auth_fee ELSE 0 END) AS decline_cost,
SUM(CASE WHEN status='APPROVED' THEN auth_fee ELSE 0 END) AS approval_auth_cost,
COUNT() FILTER (WHERE status='APPROVED') AS approvals,
(SUM(auth_fee) / NULLIF(COUNT() FILTER (WHERE status='APPROVED'),0)) AS cost_per_approval
FROM dw. auth_events;

9. 4. FX-spready saýlamak (eger effective rate bar bolsa)

sql
SELECT provider, DATE(settled_at) AS d,
SUM((fx_effective_rate - fx_reference_rate) amount_original) AS fx_slippage_rep
FROM dw. transactions_flat
WHERE fx_effective_rate IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY 1,2;

10) KPI we daşbordlar

Effective Take-Rate% PSP/usul/MID/ýurt boýunça.
Komponent steki: Interchange%, Scheme%, Markup%, Fixed per trx.
Cost-per-Approval we Decline-burden (şowsuzlyklar näçeräk çykdajy edýär).
FX Slippage (bps we hasabat pulunda).
1000 geleşik üçin yzyna gaýtarmak/CB Cost.
Jeza/Minimum-monthly hadysalar.
Reserve as% of GMV (keş-flowyň täsirine düşünmek üçin).

11) Alertler we bosagalar

Take-rate spike: Ösüş> X bps d/d ýa-da> Y bps w/w.
Scheme delta: hasaplanan scheme-fees bilen faýl arasyndaky tapawut> 0. 3–0. 5%.
FX slippage:> 80 bps maýorlar üçin ýa-da> 150 bps minorlar üçin.
Decline cost surge: AR azalanda tassyklamagyň bahasynyň ýokarlanmagy.
Unmapped fee line: Komponentiň mappingsiz faýlda täze setir.
Minimum monthly shortfall: iň az aýlawa çenli dolanyşygyň ýetmezçiligi (öňdäki goşmaça töleg).

12) Gepleşikler we bahany arzanlatmak

1. Portfel amatly bolsa, IC + -a geçiň (domestic, consumer debit).
2. BIN-routing/Smart-routing: akymy "arzan" ekweýerlere geo/kart görnüşine bölüň.
3. Gymmat kartlaryň paýyny azaltmak üçin A2A/Open Banking/Local methods.
4. Tiered volume discounts: bosagalary we gykylyklary çärýekde düzetmek.
5. Mikro-ticket segmentleri üçin fixed-fees-de kap.
6. Transparent FX: reference-rate + kesgitlenen spread_bps, effective FX boýunça hasabatlar.
7. Jerime shields: scheme-jerimeleriň çäklerini/şertlerini we olaryň subutnama binýadyny kesgitlemek.
8. Ýokary töwekgelçilikli/pes töwekgelçilikli portfeller üçin aýry-aýry MIDs - nyrhlara "ýokaşmazlyk".
9. Performance-clauses: SLA/3DS ygtyýarnamalary boýunça, ýogsam markupyň peselmegi.

13) Edge-cases

Fan-out ygtyýarnamalary (gaýtalanýan synanyşyklar) → auth-fees ýokarlanýar. rate-limit/soft-decline-strategiýalary öz içine alyň.
Partial capture: shema hasaplamalary gaýtadan hasaplanylýar; Dogry agregasiýa etmek möhümdir.
Ex-post repricing: tersine, üpjün ediji fees sanady - faýllaryň wersiýalaryny we batch barlaglaryny saklamak.
Refunds soň cutoff: hasabatlary düzetmek üçin indiki aýlawa girdi.
Korporatiw/premium kartlar: paýyňyzy yzarlaň - orta interchange "çekýär".

14) Iň oňat amallar (gysgaça)

1. Fees hasaplaýyş hereketlendirijisi siziň tarapyňyzda + faýlyň ähli çyzyklarynyň komponentlere mapping.
2. Peýdaly ýerinde IC + we aç-açan FX; blended - diňe hakyky arzanladyş bilen.
3. BIN/geo/kart görnüşi boýunça Smart-routing; A/B-PSP synaglary.
4. Kesgitlenen ýygymlaryň we göterimleriň aýratyn hasaba alynmagy; FX-girdeji/ýitgi bilen garyşdyrmaly däldir.
5. Pricing we faýllary wersiýalaşdyrmak; kesgitlenen reprocess.
6. Take-rate komponentleri boýunça hepdelik "variance-reports".
7. Çärýekde bir gezek CBR, 3DS pass-rate, AR, fraud-rate, share of domestic metrik bukjasy bilen gepleşikler.

15) Girizmegiň çek-sanawy

• 'fee _ components' we 'psp _ pricing' wersiýalary we hereket ediş döwürleri bilen.
• Import 'settlement _ fees' Interchange/Scheme/Markup/Fixed jikme-jiklikleri bilen.
• Tx boýunça fee wersiýamyzy hasaplamak we faýl bilen deňeşdirmek üçin ETL.
• Take-rate we komponent steki.
• Алерты: spike, mismatch, FX slippage, minimum monthly.
• Gepleşikleriň tertibi: çärýekleýin gözden geçirmek we azaltmak boýunça roadmap.

Gysgaça maglumat

MDR "bir göterim" däl, interchange, scheme, markup, fix-plata we FX gatlaklarynyň toplumy. Maglumatlaryň aç-açan modeli, "salgylanma" komissiýalarynyň öz hasaplamasy, PSP faýllary bilen yzygiderli deňeşdirilmegi we tölegleriň manyly marşrutlaşdyrylmagy kabul ediş bahasyny dolandyrylýan KPI-e öwürýär. Bu düzgün bilen siz hakyky take-rate görýärsiňiz, FX we Fix-ýygymlarda "syzmak" tapýarsyňyz we tölegleriň TCO-syny ynamly peseldýärsiňiz.