Komissiya tuzilmasi: MDR, scheme, PSP

1) Tushunchalar xaritasi va MDR nimadan iborat

1. Interchange (emitent bank): kartaning/mintaqaning/toifaning turi bo’yicha foiz.

2. Scheme fees (to’lov tizimlari): assessment, processing, cross-border, brand usage va boshqalar.

3. Acquirer/PSP markup: ekvayer/provayder ustamasi (foiz + fix).

4. Dop. yig’imlar: chargeback fee, refund fee, representment, retrieval, auth-fee, gateway-fee, rolling reserve (komissiya emas, lekin kesh-floga ta’sir qiladi), konversiya paytida FX-spred.

Merchant uchun yakuniy qiymat = Interchange + Scheme + Markup + Belgilangan yig’imlar + FX-effektlar ± Zaxira.

2) Narxni shakllantirish modellari

2. 1. Blended (flat)

Bir foiz + fix «hammasi kiritilgan» yig’imi. Oddiy, ammo shaffof emas: interchange/scheme va FX-spredni yashiradi.

2. 2. IC++ (Interchange++ / Interchange pass-through)

Interchange va scheme «qanday bo’lsa», yuqoridan - provayderning qat’iy markupi. Shaffof, solishtirish oson, xaritalarning «arzon» portfelida foydalidir.

2. 3. Tiered/Pricing buckets

Bir nechta «savatlar» (domestic, intra-EEA, inter-regional, commercial, premium). Hisobot uchun qulay, haqiqiy tannarxni yashirishi mumkin.

2. 4. Muqobil usullar (A2A/Wallet/Kripto)

Koʻproq flat-fee yoki% kartalardan past; tarmoq/provayderning alohida yig’imlari va konvertatsiya qilinganda FX-effekt.

3) Komissiya qayerda va qachon paydo bo’ladi

Auth/Validation: avtorizatsiya qilish uchun to’lov (usp ./neusp.) .
Capture/Settle: MDRning asosiy ulushi.
Refund/Partial refund: qaytarmalar ko’pincha alohida tarif qilinadi (+ scheme qayta hisoblash).
Chargeback/Representment: фикс. keys/bosqich uchun yig’imlar.
Gateway/Platform: oylik obuna to’lovi, vebxuklar uchun fee, hisobot, kartalarni tokenlashtirish.
FX/Conversion: implicit-marja PSP/bank (spred), agar konvertatsiya ular tomonida bo’lsa.
Kalendar: minimum monthly fee, early termination, PCI-plata, 3DS-fee, fraud-suite fee.

4) ustamalar va tariflar tuzatuvchilari

Cross-border (emitent ≠ ekvayer mamlakat), CNP (card-not-present), premium/commercial kartalar.
High-risk verticals (iGaming) - yuqori markup/rezerv.
Sxema jarimalari/chegara metrikalari: CBR → dan oshishi qo’shimcha yig’imlar.
SCA/3DS: tranzaksiya/urinish uchun alohida fee.
Minimum ticket/Small ticket: yuqori fix. kichik cheklardagi yig’imlar.

5) Gross vs Net settlement va «foizlar qayerga ketdi»

Gross settlement: val PSP bilan hisob-kitob qilinadi, komissiyalar alohida satrda olinadi (solishtirish osonroq).
Net settlement: net funding = aylanma − interchange − scheme − markup − fix. zaxira − yig’imlar.
Net-stsenariylarda komponentni import qilish juda muhim, aks holda take-rate «sakraydi».

6) Formulalar va «samarali» metriklar

6. 1. Effective take-rate (usul/PSP)

take_rate_effective_% = (Σ Fees_all_components) / (Σ Captured_Gross) 100

6. 2. Komponentlarga parchalanish

Fees_all = Interchange + Scheme + Markup + Auth + Refund + Chargeback + Gateway
+ FX_spread_effect (if applicable)

6. 3. Rad etish qiymati (Decline cost)

Cost_per_approval = (Σ Auth_Fees + Σ Decline_Fees )/( Number of successful payments)

6. 4. Impact FX

FX_slippage = Σ (Settlement_amount_in_rep - Original_amount FX_reference_rate)

6. 5. Chorjbeklar qiymati

CB_cost_total = Σ (CB_fee + Representment_fee + Scheme_penalties) + Lost_principal (если не отбит)

7) Ma’lumotlar modeli (soddalashtirilgan holda)

ref. fee_components (
code PK, name, category, -- INTERCHANGE      SCHEME      MARKUP      AUTH      REFUND      CHARGEBACK      GATEWAY      FX_SPREAD unit,          -- PCT      FIX      MIXED is_variable, is_settlement_level
)

finance. psp_pricing (
provider, method, region, bin_range, card_type, card_category,
model,      -- BLENDED      IC++     TIERED pct_rate, --% rate (if applicable)
fix_fee,     -- фикс за trx cross_border_bps, premium_bps, cnp_bps,
refund_fix, cb_fix, auth_fix, gateway_monthly,
valid_from, valid_to, meta
)

finance. settlement_fees (
batch_id, provider, mid, method, period_start_at, period_end_at,
interchange_amt, scheme_amt, markup_amt,
auth_amt, refund_amt, cb_amt, gateway_amt,
fx_spread_amt, reserve_delta, total_fees, currency
)

dw. transactions_flat (
tx_id, provider, method, status, bin, brand, category, region,
amount_original, currency_original, amount_reporting, reporting_currency,
settled_at, funded_at, is_refund, is_cb, fx_reference_rate, fx_effective_rate, meta
)

8) Solishtirish: bitimlardan faylga va orqaga

8. 1. Tx → File («faylda boʻlgani kabi»)

Chiqindilar qutisi (MING/hudud/xarita turi) × pricing qoidalariga amal qiling.
interchange/scheme/markup/fix stavkalarini qoʻllang.
’settlement _ fees bilan solishtiring. total_fees` по batch. Delta> chegara → chipta.

8. 2. File → Tx (faylda «ortiqcha» yoʻqligini tekshiryapmiz)

Batch-fee’ni tranzaksiyalar aylanmasi/soniga mutanosib ravishda tx darajasiga taqsimlang (blended/tafsilotlar mavjud emas).
Kutilmagan pozitsiyalarni aniqlang (extra fee line, penalty, minimum monthly top-up).

9) SQL namunalari

9. 1. Effective take-rate hisobi/PSP usullari bo’yicha

sql
SELECT provider, method,
SUM(amount_reporting)              AS volume_rep,
SUM(f. interchange_amt + f. scheme_amt + f. markup_amt +
f. auth_amt + f. refund_amt + f. cb_amt + f. gateway_amt + f. fx_spread_amt) AS fees_rep,
100. 0 SUM(f. interchange_amt + f. scheme_amt + f. markup_amt +
f. auth_amt + f. refund_amt + f. cb_amt + f. gateway_amt + f. fx_spread_amt)
/ NULLIF(SUM(amount_reporting),0)     AS take_rate_effective_pct
FROM dw. transactions_flat t
JOIN finance. settlement_fees f
ON f. provider = t. provider
AND t. settled_at BETWEEN f. period_start_at AND f. period_end_at
GROUP BY 1,2
ORDER BY take_rate_effective_pct DESC;

9. 2. Bitimlarni qayta taqsimlash (blended)

sql
WITH vol AS (
SELECT provider, batch_id, SUM(amount_reporting) AS batch_volume
FROM dw. transactions_flat
GROUP BY 1,2
)
SELECT t. tx_id, t. provider, t. batch_id,
(f. total_fees t. amount_reporting / NULLIF(v. batch_volume,0)) AS fee_allocated
FROM dw. transactions_flat t
JOIN finance. settlement_fees f USING (provider, batch_id)
JOIN vol v USING (provider, batch_id);

9. 3. Rad etish qiymati va ma’qullash qiymati

sql
SELECT provider, method,
SUM(CASE WHEN status='DECLINED' THEN auth_fee ELSE 0 END) AS decline_cost,
SUM(CASE WHEN status='APPROVED' THEN auth_fee ELSE 0 END) AS approval_auth_cost,
COUNT() FILTER (WHERE status='APPROVED') AS approvals,
(SUM(auth_fee) / NULLIF(COUNT() FILTER (WHERE status='APPROVED'),0)) AS cost_per_approval
FROM dw. auth_events;

9. 4. FX tarqalishini tanlash (agar effective rate boʻlsa)

sql
SELECT provider, DATE(settled_at) AS d,
SUM((fx_effective_rate - fx_reference_rate) amount_original) AS fx_slippage_rep
FROM dw. transactions_flat
WHERE fx_effective_rate IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY 1,2;

10) KPI va dashbordlar

Effective Take-Rate% PSP/metod/MID/mamlakat boʻyicha.
Komponent steki: Interchange%, Scheme%, Markup%, Fixed per trx.
Cost-per-Approval va Decline-burden (rad etishlar qancha turadi).
FX Slippage (bps va hisobot valyutasida).
1000 tranzaksiyaga refund/CB Cost.
Penalty/Minimum-monthly hodisalar.
Reserve as% of GMV (kesh-flouga taʼsirini tushunish uchun).

11) Alerta va ostonalar

Take-rate spike: boʻyi> X bps d/d yoki> Y bps w/w.
Scheme delta: hisoblab chiqilgan scheme-fees bilan fayl oʻrtasidagi tafovut> 0. 3–0. 5%.
FX slippage:> 80 bps majorlar uchun yoki> 150 bps minorlar uchun.
Decline cost surge: AR pasayganda tasdiqlash qiymatining oshishi.
Unmapped fee line: komponent mappingsiz fayldagi yangi satr.
Minimum monthly shortfall: aylanma minimalgacha yetarli emas (oldinda qo’shimcha haq).

12) Muzokaralar va qiymatni pasaytirish

1. Portfel qulay boʻlsa, IC++ ga oʻtish (domestic, consumer debit).
2. BIN-routing/Smart-routing: «arzon» ekvayrerlarga geo/xarita turi bo’yicha oqimlarni ajrating.
3. qimmatbaho kartalar ulushini kamaytirish uchun A2A/Open Banking/Local methods.
4. Tiered volume discounts: har chorakda ostonalar va shovqinlarni oʻrnatish.
5. Micro-ticket segmentlari uchun fixed-fees uchun cap.
6. Transparent FX: reference-rate + qat’iy spread_bps, effective FX bo’yicha hisobotlar.
7. Penalty shields: scheme-jarimalar limitlari/shartlari va ularning dalillar bazasini belgilash.
8. High-risk/low-risk portfellari uchun alohida MIDs - tariflarni «yuqtirmaslik».
9. Performance-clauses: Avtorizatsiya/3DS bo’yicha SLA, aks holda markupning pasayishi.

13) Edge-cases

Fan-out avtorizatsiyalar (takroriy urinishlar) → auth-fees uchib ketadi. Rate-limit/soft-decline strategiyalarini yoqish.
Partial capture: sxema hisob-kitoblari qayta hisoblab chiqiladi; to’g "ri yig’ish muhimdir.
Ex-post repricing: feys va batch taftish versiyalarini ortiqcha hisoblab chiqdi.
Refunds keyinchalik cutoff: hisobotlarni tuzatish uchun keyingi davrga kirdi.
Korporativ/premium kartalar: ulushni kuzatib boring - oʻrta interchange «tortadi».

14) Best practices (qisqacha)

1. Fees hisoblash dvigateli sizning tomoningizda + barcha fayl liniyalarini komponentlarga mapping.
2. IC++ va shaffof FX foydali bo’lganda; blended - faqat haqiqiy chegirma bilan.
3. BIN/geo/xarita turi bo’yicha Smart-routing; A/B-PSP testlari.
4. Qat’iy belgilangan yig’imlar va foizlarni alohida hisobga olish; FX-foyda/zarar bilan aralashtirmaslik.
5. Pricing va fayllarni versiya qilish; determinirlangan reprocess.
6. Take-rate komponentlari bo’yicha haftalik «variance-reports».
7. Har chorakda bir marta CBR, 3DS pass-rate, AR, fraud-rate, share of domestic metriklar paketi bilan muzokaralar olib boriladi.

15) Joriy etish chek-varaqasi

• ’fee _ components’va’psp _ pricing’ma’lumotnomasi.
• Import’settlement _ fees’Interchange/Scheme/Markup/Fixed tafsilotlari bilan.
• Bizning tx versiyamizning ETL hisobi va fayl bilan solishtirish.
• Dashbordlar take-rate va komponent steki.
• Алерты: spike, mismatch, FX slippage, minimum monthly.
• Muzokaralar tartib-taomillari: choraklik taftish va kamaytirish bo’yicha roadmap.

Xulosa

MDR - «bir foiz» emas, balki interchange, scheme, markup, fix-plata va FX qatlamlari to’plami. Ma’lumotlarning shaffof modeli, «etalon» komissiyalarining o’z hisob-kitobi, PSP fayllari bilan muntazam solishtirish va to’lovlarni mazmunli yo’naltirish qabul qilish qiymatini boshqariladigan KPIga aylantiradi. Bunday intizom bilan siz haqiqiy take-rate’ni ko’rasiz, FX va Fix-yig’imlarda «qochqinlarni» topasiz va TCO to’lovlarini ishonchli ravishda kamaytirasiz.